假設於97520總統就職當天購買股票，
套在大盤最高點9309，
放到98520的6703點，
在大盤整體下跌30%的情況下，
個股的表現為何呢?
損益平衡以上者僅有104家，
損益勝過大盤-30%的約有464家，
仍約有759家虧損超過30%，
不過，活著就有希望，
約有38家因資料不齊而未加入統計，
有一些大概已經陣亡了。
統計全表
未列入統計者
資料來源為兩大證交所網站歷史行情，
不含除權息、減資之統計結果。
2009年5月27日 星期三
2009年5月10日 星期日
2009年5月3日 星期日
2009年4月6日 星期一
超音波治療
PHYSICAL MODALITIES,THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE,EXTENDED BEDREST,AND AGING EFFECTS PHYSICAL MODALITIES
Modalities that use physical energy for their therapeutic effect.
Includes:
– Pressure
– Thermotherapy—Heat and cold
– Hydrotherapy
– Light therapy—ultraviolet radiation, laser
– Electrotherapy
– Manipulation, mobilization, traction, massage, acupuncture
These are used as adjuncts to a therapy program including exercise and patient education
THERMOTHERAPY
• The amount of energy a tissue gains or loses depends on several factors:
– Nature of the tissue
– Agent used
– Duration of exposure
• Temperature has an effect on:
– Viscosity
– Nerve conduction—heat increases nerve conduction velocity; cold decreases it
– Blood flow—heat increases arterial and capillary blood flow; cold decreases blood flow
– Collagen extensibility—heat increases tendon extensibility, collagenase activity is
increased; cold decreases enzyme activity
• Temperatures > 45–50°C (113–122 °F) or <>20,000 Hz) can produce
thermal (heating) and nonthermal (cavitation, acoustic streaming, and standing waves)
effects
Thermal effects
• Ultrasound interacts with skin, fat, and muscle during treatment. Heating occurs at all of
these tissue as a result of beam attenuation and absorption. Its effect is more pronounced
at tissue interfaces where sound transmission discontinuities occur.
• Ultrasound is absorbed and attenuated more in bone, followed by tendon, followed by
skin, muscle, and fat.
• Lehman (1967) found that US produces the highest temperature in cancellous bone
(spongy bone).
• Absorption (heating) is greatest at the bone–muscle soft-tissue interface.
• Thermal effects include increased distensibility of collagen fibers.
Nonthermal effects
• Cavitation—produces gas bubbles in a sound field due to turbulence, which, by their
forced oscillation and bursting, are capable of disrupting tissue
• Acoustic streaming—unidirectional movement of compressible material or medium due
to pressure asymmetries caused by US waves
• Acoustic streaming and cavitation are associated with wound contraction and protein synthesis
• Standing waves—In a stationary US field standing waves produce fixed areas of elevated
pressure and rarefaction. They have not been found to have physiological benefits
Ultrasound indications
• Bursitis
• Tendinitis (calcific tendinitis)
• Musculoskeletal pain
• Degenerative arthritis and contracture (adhesive capsulitis, shoulder periarthritis and
hip contracture). Helps to maintain a prolonged stretch and increases ROM
• Subacute trauma
Less established:
– Scar tissue (keloids)
– Postherpetic neuralgic pain
– Plantar warts
Ultrasound Contraindications
• General heat contraindications
• Near brain, cervical ganglia, spine, laminectomy sites (can cause spinal-cord heating)
• Near the heart, reproductive organs
• Near pacemakers—may cause thermal or mechanical injury to the pacemaker
• Near tumors
• Gravid or menstruating uterus
• At infection sites
• On contact lenses, eyes (fluid filled cavity with risk of cavitation and heat damage).
• Skeletal immaturity—open epiphysis can be affected with decreased growth due to
thermal injury
• Total hip arthroplasties with methylmethacrylate or high density polyethylene. These
have a high coefficient of absorption, more than soft tissue, and the prosthesis may loosen
due to unstable cavitation in the cement. (Lehmann, 1990)
• Arthroplasties—the effect on bony ingrowth arthroplasties is not well defined, for this
reason the most prudent course is avoiding US over these areas
Ultrasound precautions
• Avoid intensities over 3 W/cm2
• Use multiple ports over large joints
• Ultrasound can be used under water but only if water is degassed. This can be achieved
by putting it into a container and allowing it to sit overnight.
• Use stroking technique
Ultrasound prescription
• Frequency— Most common 0.8–1.1 MHz
• Intensity—0.5–2.0 W/cm2. Spatial average intensity is described as the total power output
divided by the effective radiating area. World Health Organization (WHO) suggested
maximal intensity is 3.0W/cm2.
For tendonitis/bursitis the intensity used is 1.2–1.8W/cm2, or in the 0.5 to 2.0 W/cm2 range
– Generates temperatures up to 46° C/114.8° F in deep tissues. Ultrasound deep
heating is superior to microwave and short wave diathermy. In general, 45° C temperature
increases will be seen at 8 cm depth. Increased temperature will remain for 2
minutes following US application.
• Duration—5–10 minutes per site – depends on W/cm2
• Delivery methods—continuous and pulsed
Continuous—thermal effects (heat production)
Pulsed—Mainly nonthermal effects, cavitation, media motion, standing waves
• Techniques—direct and indirect
DIRECT—most common. The applicator is moved slowly over an area of 4 square inches in
a circular or longitudinal pattern. Uses a coupling media (gel) to accommodate for
impedance inconsistencies.
INDIRECT—for uneven surfaces (hands and feet). Applicator and body part are immersed
in a container of degassed water.
SPECIALIZED—
Phonophoresis—A technique that utilizes US to drive medications through the skin, by
increasing cell permeability.
– Frequency—1–2 MHz, delivery method is continuous, or pulsed
– Intensity—1–3 W/cm2 for 5 to 7 minutes
– Medications: Corticosteroids (1% or 10% Hydrocortisone and Dexamethasone)
Anesthetics—1% Lidocaine (Xylocaine®)
– Uses: Tendinitis—Achilles, patellar, bicipital; Tenosynovitis; Epicondylitis (tennis
elbow)
Shortwave diathermy (SWD)
– Produces deep heating through the conversion of electromagnetic energy (radio
waves) to thermal energy
– Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits use to 13.56 MHz (22m wavelength),
27.12 MHz (11M), and 40.68 MHz (7.5m)
– The most commonly used frequency is 27.12 MHz
– Provides deep heat to 4–5 cm depth, therefore is good for deep muscle.
– The heating pattern produced depends on the type of shortwave unit and water content
and electrical properties of the tissue
Shortwave units can be inductive or capacitive
1. Induction method—produces high temperatures in water-rich tissues (muscles, skin) via a
coiled magnetic field. Applicators in the form of cables or drum. The body acts as a receiver,
and eddy currents are induced in the tissues in its field.
Increases tissue temperature 4–6°C above normal.
• Indicated when heat to more superficial muscles or joints is desired. Muscle tends to
become warmer than fatty tissue
2. Conduction method (capacitive applicators)—produce high temperatures in water-poor
tissues (fat, bone) with low conductivity, via rapid oscillation of an electrical field. The
portion of the body to be treated is placed between two plates to which the shortwave output
is applied.
The body acts as an insulator in a series circuit.
• Indicated for subcutaneous adipose tissue and bone
• Most effective for deeper joints (i.e., hip joint)
• Treatment time is 20–30 minutes
– Precise dosing for shortwave diathermy is difficult, and pain perception is used to
monitor intensity. The best way to monitor frequency depends on the patient’s response
to warmth
– Subcutaneous fat temperature rises to 15° C, 4–6° C increase in muscle at 4–5 cm depth
(Lehman, 1968)
– Terry cloths are used for spacing and to absorb sweat, which is highly conductive and
may cause severe local heating
Shortwave indications
• Chronic prostatitis
• Refractory pelvic inflammatory disease
• Myalgia
• Back spasms
Shortwave contraindications
• General heat precautions
• Metal (jewelry, pacemakers, metallic intrauterine devices, surgical implants) are excellent
electrical conductors and can potentially cause burns. Water is highly conductive and can
have the same effect with resultant severe local heating
• Contact lenses
• Gravid or menstruating uterus
• Skeletal immaturity
Microwave diathermy
– Conversion of electromagnetic energy (microwaves) to thermal energy.
– FCC approved frequencies: 915MHz (33 cm wavelength) and 2456 MHz (12 cm)
– Microwaves do not penetrate tissues as deeply as US or SWD
Microwave indications
• Used to heat superficial muscles and joints, to speed the resolution of hematomas, and for
local hyperthermia in cancer patients
• The lower frequency has a higher depth of penetration, and is better for muscle heating
Microwave contraindications
• General heat precautions
• Skeletal immaturity
• Microwave diathermy selectively heats fluid-filled cavities:
Its use should be avoided in edematous tissue, moist skin, eyes, blisters, and fluid-filled cavities
• Eye protection should be worn by patient and therapist due to risk of cataract formation
Delateur, 1970 noted:
Average temperatures with microwaves at a depth of 1–3 cm. are 41° C/105.8° F.
At frequencies of 915MHz, subcutaneous fat temperatures may increase by 10°–12° C, and
muscles at a depth of 3–4 cm. will be heated only 3°–4° C.
Summary of Diathery
Diathermy—Deeper local elevation of temperature within the tissues, produced without
overheating subcutaneous tissue or skin. Classified as:
1. Ultrasound
2. Shortwave
3. Microwave
All are forms of heating by conversion
B. Cold
Therapeutic effects of cold are based on the following
• Immediate local vasoconstriction
• Local metabolism decrease
• Decreased acute inflammatory response
• Slows nerve conduction velocity—decreased motor and sensory nerve conduction.
• Decreased muscle spindle activity—decreased firing rates of Ia and II afferent fibers
• Decreased pain/muscle spasm—increases nerve pain threshold
• Decreased spasticity
• Increased tissue viscosity with decreased tissue elasticity
• Transient increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
• Release of vasoactive agents (histamine)
Indications for cold therapy
Generally used for acute process
• Acute traumatic conditions—reduction of inflammation and edema in the 24–48 hour
period.
• Musculoskeletal conditions—arthritis, bursitis
• Acute and chronic pain
• Spasticity management
• Immediate treatment of minor burns
General precautions and contraindications for cold therapy
• Cold intolerance, hypersensitivity to cold (Raynaud’s disease/phenomenon)
• Arterial insufficiency—areas with circulatory compromise such as ischemic areas in
patients with peripheral vascular disease affecting the arterial system
• Impaired sensation—insensate skin is at risk for burns
• Cognitive and communication deficits that preclude the patient from reporting pain
• Cardiac, respiratory involvement—if severe HTN present, the patient’s BP must be monitored
closely
• Cryotherapy induced neuropraxia/axonotmesis, regenerating peripheral nerves
• Cryopathies: Cryoglobulinemia, Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
• Open wounds after 48 hours
• Note: Reflex vasodilation with hyperemia can occur after removal of ice
Mechanisms of cold transfer
• Conduction: Cold packs, ice massage
• Convection: Cold baths (whirlpool)
• Evaporation: Vapo-coolant spray
The treatment modality depends on the size of the area to be treated and how accessible it is
for cold application.
Conduction
1. Cold packs
• Include ice packs, wraps and sluices, endothermic chemical gel packs and hydrocollator
packs
• The pack is wrapped in moist towels and treatment time is generally 20–30 minutes
• Surface skin temperature can decrease by 15° C after 10 minutes, subcutaneous temperatures
decrease by 3°–5° C
• A study by Knuttson and Mattsson in 1969 showed muscle cooling by 5° C at a depth of 2
cm after 20-minute application of a hydrocollator pack
2. Ice massage
• For cooling of small areas (muscle belly, tendon, trigger point) before applying deep pressure
massage. Combines the therapeutic effect of ice with the mechanical effects of massage
• Direct application of ice to a painful area using gentle stroking motion
• Study by Lowdon and Moore in 1975 showed a reduction of intramuscular temperature by
4.1° C at 2 cm. depth in the posterior thigh region, and up to 15.9° C reduction in biceps
brachii after the 5-minute application time
• Treatment of analgesia can be obtained in 7–10 minutes
Convection
1. Cold baths
• An example of hydrotherapy; uses water-filled containers for distal limb immersion
• Best suited for circumferential cooling of the limbs
• Water temperature: 4°–10° C
• Can be uncomfortable and poorly tolerated
• Effective for treatment of localized burns due to rapid skin temperature reduction
2. Evaporation
Vapo-coolant sprays
• Volatile liquids such as Fluori-methane spray are commonly used
• Used for spray-and-stretch techniques to treat myofascial pain ; also used for local anesthesia
• Produce an abrupt temperature change over a small surface area
• Precautions: risk for skin site irritation and local cutaneous freezing
3. Other techniques
Cryotherapy Compression units
• Combines the benefits of cold with the advantages of pneumatic compression
• Uses sleeves with circulating cold water, attached to an intermittent pump unit.
Edematous extremities are placed inside the sleeves
• Used primarily to treat acute musculoskeletal injury with soft tissue swelling. Also used
after some surgical procedures
• Temperatures used are 45°F (7.2° C) and pressures up to 60 mmHg
Modalities that use physical energy for their therapeutic effect.
Includes:
– Pressure
– Thermotherapy—Heat and cold
– Hydrotherapy
– Light therapy—ultraviolet radiation, laser
– Electrotherapy
– Manipulation, mobilization, traction, massage, acupuncture
These are used as adjuncts to a therapy program including exercise and patient education
THERMOTHERAPY
• The amount of energy a tissue gains or loses depends on several factors:
– Nature of the tissue
– Agent used
– Duration of exposure
• Temperature has an effect on:
– Viscosity
– Nerve conduction—heat increases nerve conduction velocity; cold decreases it
– Blood flow—heat increases arterial and capillary blood flow; cold decreases blood flow
– Collagen extensibility—heat increases tendon extensibility, collagenase activity is
increased; cold decreases enzyme activity
• Temperatures > 45–50°C (113–122 °F) or <>20,000 Hz) can produce
thermal (heating) and nonthermal (cavitation, acoustic streaming, and standing waves)
effects
Thermal effects
• Ultrasound interacts with skin, fat, and muscle during treatment. Heating occurs at all of
these tissue as a result of beam attenuation and absorption. Its effect is more pronounced
at tissue interfaces where sound transmission discontinuities occur.
• Ultrasound is absorbed and attenuated more in bone, followed by tendon, followed by
skin, muscle, and fat.
• Lehman (1967) found that US produces the highest temperature in cancellous bone
(spongy bone).
• Absorption (heating) is greatest at the bone–muscle soft-tissue interface.
• Thermal effects include increased distensibility of collagen fibers.
Nonthermal effects
• Cavitation—produces gas bubbles in a sound field due to turbulence, which, by their
forced oscillation and bursting, are capable of disrupting tissue
• Acoustic streaming—unidirectional movement of compressible material or medium due
to pressure asymmetries caused by US waves
• Acoustic streaming and cavitation are associated with wound contraction and protein synthesis
• Standing waves—In a stationary US field standing waves produce fixed areas of elevated
pressure and rarefaction. They have not been found to have physiological benefits
Ultrasound indications
• Bursitis
• Tendinitis (calcific tendinitis)
• Musculoskeletal pain
• Degenerative arthritis and contracture (adhesive capsulitis, shoulder periarthritis and
hip contracture). Helps to maintain a prolonged stretch and increases ROM
• Subacute trauma
Less established:
– Scar tissue (keloids)
– Postherpetic neuralgic pain
– Plantar warts
Ultrasound Contraindications
• General heat contraindications
• Near brain, cervical ganglia, spine, laminectomy sites (can cause spinal-cord heating)
• Near the heart, reproductive organs
• Near pacemakers—may cause thermal or mechanical injury to the pacemaker
• Near tumors
• Gravid or menstruating uterus
• At infection sites
• On contact lenses, eyes (fluid filled cavity with risk of cavitation and heat damage).
• Skeletal immaturity—open epiphysis can be affected with decreased growth due to
thermal injury
• Total hip arthroplasties with methylmethacrylate or high density polyethylene. These
have a high coefficient of absorption, more than soft tissue, and the prosthesis may loosen
due to unstable cavitation in the cement. (Lehmann, 1990)
• Arthroplasties—the effect on bony ingrowth arthroplasties is not well defined, for this
reason the most prudent course is avoiding US over these areas
Ultrasound precautions
• Avoid intensities over 3 W/cm2
• Use multiple ports over large joints
• Ultrasound can be used under water but only if water is degassed. This can be achieved
by putting it into a container and allowing it to sit overnight.
• Use stroking technique
Ultrasound prescription
• Frequency— Most common 0.8–1.1 MHz
• Intensity—0.5–2.0 W/cm2. Spatial average intensity is described as the total power output
divided by the effective radiating area. World Health Organization (WHO) suggested
maximal intensity is 3.0W/cm2.
For tendonitis/bursitis the intensity used is 1.2–1.8W/cm2, or in the 0.5 to 2.0 W/cm2 range
– Generates temperatures up to 46° C/114.8° F in deep tissues. Ultrasound deep
heating is superior to microwave and short wave diathermy. In general, 45° C temperature
increases will be seen at 8 cm depth. Increased temperature will remain for 2
minutes following US application.
• Duration—5–10 minutes per site – depends on W/cm2
• Delivery methods—continuous and pulsed
Continuous—thermal effects (heat production)
Pulsed—Mainly nonthermal effects, cavitation, media motion, standing waves
• Techniques—direct and indirect
DIRECT—most common. The applicator is moved slowly over an area of 4 square inches in
a circular or longitudinal pattern. Uses a coupling media (gel) to accommodate for
impedance inconsistencies.
INDIRECT—for uneven surfaces (hands and feet). Applicator and body part are immersed
in a container of degassed water.
SPECIALIZED—
Phonophoresis—A technique that utilizes US to drive medications through the skin, by
increasing cell permeability.
– Frequency—1–2 MHz, delivery method is continuous, or pulsed
– Intensity—1–3 W/cm2 for 5 to 7 minutes
– Medications: Corticosteroids (1% or 10% Hydrocortisone and Dexamethasone)
Anesthetics—1% Lidocaine (Xylocaine®)
– Uses: Tendinitis—Achilles, patellar, bicipital; Tenosynovitis; Epicondylitis (tennis
elbow)
Shortwave diathermy (SWD)
– Produces deep heating through the conversion of electromagnetic energy (radio
waves) to thermal energy
– Federal Communications Commission (FCC) limits use to 13.56 MHz (22m wavelength),
27.12 MHz (11M), and 40.68 MHz (7.5m)
– The most commonly used frequency is 27.12 MHz
– Provides deep heat to 4–5 cm depth, therefore is good for deep muscle.
– The heating pattern produced depends on the type of shortwave unit and water content
and electrical properties of the tissue
Shortwave units can be inductive or capacitive
1. Induction method—produces high temperatures in water-rich tissues (muscles, skin) via a
coiled magnetic field. Applicators in the form of cables or drum. The body acts as a receiver,
and eddy currents are induced in the tissues in its field.
Increases tissue temperature 4–6°C above normal.
• Indicated when heat to more superficial muscles or joints is desired. Muscle tends to
become warmer than fatty tissue
2. Conduction method (capacitive applicators)—produce high temperatures in water-poor
tissues (fat, bone) with low conductivity, via rapid oscillation of an electrical field. The
portion of the body to be treated is placed between two plates to which the shortwave output
is applied.
The body acts as an insulator in a series circuit.
• Indicated for subcutaneous adipose tissue and bone
• Most effective for deeper joints (i.e., hip joint)
• Treatment time is 20–30 minutes
– Precise dosing for shortwave diathermy is difficult, and pain perception is used to
monitor intensity. The best way to monitor frequency depends on the patient’s response
to warmth
– Subcutaneous fat temperature rises to 15° C, 4–6° C increase in muscle at 4–5 cm depth
(Lehman, 1968)
– Terry cloths are used for spacing and to absorb sweat, which is highly conductive and
may cause severe local heating
Shortwave indications
• Chronic prostatitis
• Refractory pelvic inflammatory disease
• Myalgia
• Back spasms
Shortwave contraindications
• General heat precautions
• Metal (jewelry, pacemakers, metallic intrauterine devices, surgical implants) are excellent
electrical conductors and can potentially cause burns. Water is highly conductive and can
have the same effect with resultant severe local heating
• Contact lenses
• Gravid or menstruating uterus
• Skeletal immaturity
Microwave diathermy
– Conversion of electromagnetic energy (microwaves) to thermal energy.
– FCC approved frequencies: 915MHz (33 cm wavelength) and 2456 MHz (12 cm)
– Microwaves do not penetrate tissues as deeply as US or SWD
Microwave indications
• Used to heat superficial muscles and joints, to speed the resolution of hematomas, and for
local hyperthermia in cancer patients
• The lower frequency has a higher depth of penetration, and is better for muscle heating
Microwave contraindications
• General heat precautions
• Skeletal immaturity
• Microwave diathermy selectively heats fluid-filled cavities:
Its use should be avoided in edematous tissue, moist skin, eyes, blisters, and fluid-filled cavities
• Eye protection should be worn by patient and therapist due to risk of cataract formation
Delateur, 1970 noted:
Average temperatures with microwaves at a depth of 1–3 cm. are 41° C/105.8° F.
At frequencies of 915MHz, subcutaneous fat temperatures may increase by 10°–12° C, and
muscles at a depth of 3–4 cm. will be heated only 3°–4° C.
Summary of Diathery
Diathermy—Deeper local elevation of temperature within the tissues, produced without
overheating subcutaneous tissue or skin. Classified as:
1. Ultrasound
2. Shortwave
3. Microwave
All are forms of heating by conversion
B. Cold
Therapeutic effects of cold are based on the following
• Immediate local vasoconstriction
• Local metabolism decrease
• Decreased acute inflammatory response
• Slows nerve conduction velocity—decreased motor and sensory nerve conduction.
• Decreased muscle spindle activity—decreased firing rates of Ia and II afferent fibers
• Decreased pain/muscle spasm—increases nerve pain threshold
• Decreased spasticity
• Increased tissue viscosity with decreased tissue elasticity
• Transient increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure
• Release of vasoactive agents (histamine)
Indications for cold therapy
Generally used for acute process
• Acute traumatic conditions—reduction of inflammation and edema in the 24–48 hour
period.
• Musculoskeletal conditions—arthritis, bursitis
• Acute and chronic pain
• Spasticity management
• Immediate treatment of minor burns
General precautions and contraindications for cold therapy
• Cold intolerance, hypersensitivity to cold (Raynaud’s disease/phenomenon)
• Arterial insufficiency—areas with circulatory compromise such as ischemic areas in
patients with peripheral vascular disease affecting the arterial system
• Impaired sensation—insensate skin is at risk for burns
• Cognitive and communication deficits that preclude the patient from reporting pain
• Cardiac, respiratory involvement—if severe HTN present, the patient’s BP must be monitored
closely
• Cryotherapy induced neuropraxia/axonotmesis, regenerating peripheral nerves
• Cryopathies: Cryoglobulinemia, Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
• Open wounds after 48 hours
• Note: Reflex vasodilation with hyperemia can occur after removal of ice
Mechanisms of cold transfer
• Conduction: Cold packs, ice massage
• Convection: Cold baths (whirlpool)
• Evaporation: Vapo-coolant spray
The treatment modality depends on the size of the area to be treated and how accessible it is
for cold application.
Conduction
1. Cold packs
• Include ice packs, wraps and sluices, endothermic chemical gel packs and hydrocollator
packs
• The pack is wrapped in moist towels and treatment time is generally 20–30 minutes
• Surface skin temperature can decrease by 15° C after 10 minutes, subcutaneous temperatures
decrease by 3°–5° C
• A study by Knuttson and Mattsson in 1969 showed muscle cooling by 5° C at a depth of 2
cm after 20-minute application of a hydrocollator pack
2. Ice massage
• For cooling of small areas (muscle belly, tendon, trigger point) before applying deep pressure
massage. Combines the therapeutic effect of ice with the mechanical effects of massage
• Direct application of ice to a painful area using gentle stroking motion
• Study by Lowdon and Moore in 1975 showed a reduction of intramuscular temperature by
4.1° C at 2 cm. depth in the posterior thigh region, and up to 15.9° C reduction in biceps
brachii after the 5-minute application time
• Treatment of analgesia can be obtained in 7–10 minutes
Convection
1. Cold baths
• An example of hydrotherapy; uses water-filled containers for distal limb immersion
• Best suited for circumferential cooling of the limbs
• Water temperature: 4°–10° C
• Can be uncomfortable and poorly tolerated
• Effective for treatment of localized burns due to rapid skin temperature reduction
2. Evaporation
Vapo-coolant sprays
• Volatile liquids such as Fluori-methane spray are commonly used
• Used for spray-and-stretch techniques to treat myofascial pain ; also used for local anesthesia
• Produce an abrupt temperature change over a small surface area
• Precautions: risk for skin site irritation and local cutaneous freezing
3. Other techniques
Cryotherapy Compression units
• Combines the benefits of cold with the advantages of pneumatic compression
• Uses sleeves with circulating cold water, attached to an intermittent pump unit.
Edematous extremities are placed inside the sleeves
• Used primarily to treat acute musculoskeletal injury with soft tissue swelling. Also used
after some surgical procedures
• Temperatures used are 45°F (7.2° C) and pressures up to 60 mmHg
2008年5月4日 星期日
客製化股票基本面資料庫
97_Q3資料庫 (部分)
你可以從 YAHOO 中找到上市上櫃股票的基本面資料，
如：股本、淨值、營業毛利、股東權益報酬率、
月營收、季盈餘、股利…等，
但是，當需要找出擁有最佳基本面的股票時
就需要整體全面的資料做比較排名。
本資料即是提供所有股票基本面的 EXCEL 列表，
你可以運用所有股票的基本面資料
自行做各種的排序組合，
以找到心目中理想的股票。
客製化股票資料庫
上市上櫃股票基本面、財務全記錄比較，讓你不用上市、上櫃一個一個找，直接一次排名完成。客製化股票基本面資料庫收費標準：A 基本資料庫：100元包含股票代號、公司名、近日收盤價、資本額、淨值等五個項目欄位。B 自選資料項目部分：每多增一個項目欄位加二十元。
負債比例
毛利率
營利率
資產報酬率
股東權益報酬率
稅前淨利率
每股營收
董監持股
外資持股
自營商持股
投信持股
法人持股
集保庫存
融資餘額
融券餘額
六日均量
各季EPS
C.自行定義公式計算欄位一欄50元
年本益比
當季本益比
淨值比
市值
其他由客戶自行定義公式計算出之欄位試用資料下載 點選項目等候下載 資料日期為97.05.02百元俱樂部的股利政策殖利率排名50-100 配股率排名50-1001-3月累計營收成長率排名50-100 季稅後盈餘排名50-100淨值比排名50-100本益比排名50-100 ：收盤價/(現金股利+股票股利)負債比例前百大尚未公佈股利政策的公司 ：包含今年不發股利的公司
聯絡方式：露天拍賣 tteffub
百元俱樂部的股利政策
殖利率排名50-100
配股率排名50-100
1-3月累計營收成長率排名50-100
季稅後盈餘排名50-100
淨值比排名50-100
本益比排名50-100 ：收盤價/(現金股利+股票股利)
負債比例前百大
尚未公佈股利政策的公司 ：包含今年不發股利的公司
2007年10月10日 星期三
安全用藥一
關節酸痛去看骨科醫生，他開了以下的藥給我，其中胃藥還是自費，連徵詢也沒有，若他有問，我會選擇健保給付的藥，若健保不給付，那我相信胃藥也不是一定必要的藥。
回家一查，發現這兩種藥不能同時吃，這家醫院的藥袋上居然沒提醒警語。醫生開藥時也沒說會開胃藥，當然也更不會提醒了(也許學養不足) 。
還好有GOOGLE可以自己檢核，可是，在那沒有網路的時代，不知已經亂吃了多少藥了。
http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~pharm/drug-sense/D22.htm
周月卿
:::
更新日期：960514
Voren之成份名為diclofenac，為非類固醇消炎止痛劑，屬於比較會傷胃的藥品。為了改善它的腸胃道傷害缺點，藥廠乃研發出腸溶劑型，使藥品需到達腸道才溶離釋放有效成份，以避免在胃部溶解而減少對胃部之傷害。腸溶劑型之設計，多利用酸鹼度之原理 (pH值最少設計大於4.8才溶離)，亦即藥品在胃部較酸性的環境下不會溶離，而在腸道之較鹼性環境下則可溶離。若將腸溶劑型之藥品與制酸劑併服，因制酸劑會中和胃酸，提高胃部pH值，可能使腸溶劑型在胃部就發生溶離，而失去腸溶劑型之用意。非類固醇消炎止痛劑做成腸溶劑型可避免直接對胃部的傷害，但無法避免吸收後經由循環到達胃部的傷害，故醫師同時開立制酸劑給您以加強保護胃，但記得不要一起併服，二者服藥時間應至少間隔一小時。本院尚有許多腸溶劑型之藥品，我們在藥袋的用藥需知都會註明，以提醒病患正確服用。
http://www.hanming.com.tw/med/med5.asp?med_code=A003739100
藥品碼： A003739100
中文藥名： 愛姆得錠
許可證字號： 衛署藥製第003739號
使用方式： 口服樂
劑型： 錠劑
主治： 緩解胃部不適或灼熱感、胃酸過多、消化不良。解除脹氣相關症狀。
注意事項： 制酸及消脹劑
回家一查，發現這兩種藥不能同時吃，這家醫院的藥袋上居然沒提醒警語。醫生開藥時也沒說會開胃藥，當然也更不會提醒了(也許學養不足) 。
還好有GOOGLE可以自己檢核，可是，在那沒有網路的時代，不知已經亂吃了多少藥了。
http://www.vghtpe.gov.tw/~pharm/drug-sense/D22.htm
周月卿
:::
更新日期：960514
Voren之成份名為diclofenac，為非類固醇消炎止痛劑，屬於比較會傷胃的藥品。為了改善它的腸胃道傷害缺點，藥廠乃研發出腸溶劑型，使藥品需到達腸道才溶離釋放有效成份，以避免在胃部溶解而減少對胃部之傷害。腸溶劑型之設計，多利用酸鹼度之原理 (pH值最少設計大於4.8才溶離)，亦即藥品在胃部較酸性的環境下不會溶離，而在腸道之較鹼性環境下則可溶離。若將腸溶劑型之藥品與制酸劑併服，因制酸劑會中和胃酸，提高胃部pH值，可能使腸溶劑型在胃部就發生溶離，而失去腸溶劑型之用意。非類固醇消炎止痛劑做成腸溶劑型可避免直接對胃部的傷害，但無法避免吸收後經由循環到達胃部的傷害，故醫師同時開立制酸劑給您以加強保護胃，但記得不要一起併服，二者服藥時間應至少間隔一小時。本院尚有許多腸溶劑型之藥品，我們在藥袋的用藥需知都會註明，以提醒病患正確服用。
http://www.hanming.com.tw/med/med5.asp?med_code=A003739100
藥品碼： A003739100
中文藥名： 愛姆得錠
許可證字號： 衛署藥製第003739號
使用方式： 口服樂
劑型： 錠劑
主治： 緩解胃部不適或灼熱感、胃酸過多、消化不良。解除脹氣相關症狀。
注意事項： 制酸及消脹劑
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